Shortening the learning curve Historically: y a trial-and-error p process Data acquisition USA analog fields can speed up evaluation and development Quantify Construct Complete Analyze Gas Rate Sim Gas Rate Oil Rate…
Recent plays: fracture stimulations are evolving WaterFracs Hybrid/Conv 8-10 Stages 12-15 Stages 80 100 BPM 80-100 40-60 BPM 1.5 MM lbs prop 3-4 MM lbs prop 100 Mesh, 40/70 (total) 1 ppg Max 30/60 20/40 30/60, 7 MM Gal 3-4 ppg…
Even Barnett stimulation is still changing Barnett Shale Completion Roadmap Barnett Shale Completion Roadmap 90 700 35000 4500 80 4000 600 30000 70 3500 500 25000 60 3000 400 20000 50 2500 A vg. B PM b b l/s ta g…
Shale Gas Development Process Workflow Data Acquisition q 5 5
Shale parameters to enhance commercial production Gas content : 100 scf/ton Thermal maturity (Ro) : 0.7 to 2.5+ range; 1.2 typical Permeability : greater than 100 nanodarcies Porosity : 4% Pressure : above normal TOC : 2% Water…
U.S. shale play: choose stimulation Barnett Woodford Haynesville Eagle Ford Marcellus Frac System WF, Hybrid, & Waterfrac (WF) WF /Linear Gel Hybrid WF and Hybrid X-Linked TVD 5,400-9,500 ft. 6,000-14,000 ft. 10,500-14,000…
Shale Analysis Log Where would you perforate What is the TOC and gas content Will it frac and what is the relative fracture Reservoir width and barriers Mineralology Lithology Brittle Kerogen Unconfined or Properties Content…
Shale fracturing simulation Designed g for complex p fracturing Couple available data with microseismic to optimize fluid system andd frac f d i design Recalibrate model based on post job analyses and regional variations
Shale fracture characteristics To create complexity you must have: 1. Pre-existing natural fissures 2. Low differential horizontal stresses ((net p pressure m) 3. Brittleness Ductile Brittle Tight Gas Sands Haynesville…
Shale Completion Strategy: Based on Formation Brittleness & Liquid Production SPE 115258 Fracture Fracture Width Brittleness Fluid System Geometry Closure Profile 70% Slick Water 60% Slick Water 50% Hybrid y 40% Hybrid 30%…
Shale fluid decisions Shale Type Frac Type Fluid Type & Prop ppg Brittle & Complex network Water 0-2% KCL low clay No embedment 0.1-2 ppg Brittle & high Complex network Water 2-7% KCL clay Some embedment Linear gel. 0.1- 3 ppg…
Lateral design, stage intervals & well spacing Lateral Drilled in direction on minimum horizontal stress for transverse fracturing Greater than 90 degree deviation is common practice Stay in best portion of the reservoir while…
Perforation clusters Typically evenly spaced along stage interval good rock or bad Number of clusters varies by shale play, less perm & complexity closer Number of perfs affect limited entry diversion The more clusters placed,…
Shale Fracture Characteristics Definition of Brittleness from Rock Mechanics SPE 115258 Haynesville Marcellus Eagle g Ford Woodford ood o d Barnett 70.00 56.00 42.00 28.00 14.00 00.00 BRIT
Barnett example pump schedule 4000 ft laterals gal ppg prop lbs rate time Span = 400 ft pad 100000 80 29.76 Stage size = 15,500 bbl/stage slurry 40000 0.3 100 mesh 12000 80 12.07 Prop volume = 4300 sks/stage slurry 40000 0.5 100…
Formation hardness and proppant embedment 90 80 70 60 50 BHN B 40 30 20 10 0 Woodford Marcellus Floyd Eagle Ford Haynesville Bossier Barnett CV Lime Ohio SS Coal 19
Simultaneous fracturing results Simulfrac or pp Zipperfrac Typically more microseismic activity Overlapping microseismic behavior Still see general fracturing behavior SPE 119896 (Rimrock)
Barnett - refrac potential Barnett Shale: Gel Frac Barnett Shale: Refrac Water Frac 1600 SRV vs. 6-month Average 1400 Gel 3500 Frac Water Frac 1200 3000 ate (Mcf/d) 6-Month Average (MCFD) 1000 SPE 115771 2500 Gas Flow…
Marcellus - more height growth & planar vs. Barnett Experiment Lite frac 3000 ft lateral 6 stages 550,000 gal/stg Barnett 97 bpm rate 100,000 lb/stg Slickwater Typical More planar than Barnett Complexity More stages More…
Haynesville - significant height growth Haynesville GMX fracture treatment 3,000 3 000 5,000 5 000 ft laterals 7 10 stages 300 ft spacing 2 perf clusters/stage Stimulation 300 to 500 K gal/stage 65 bpm rate 270,000 lb…