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The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey

North Dakota Geologic Survey · Jan 1, 2010 · 45 slides

Investor presentation from the Shale Experts oil & gas presentation and slide database. Every page is imaged and its text indexed for search across operators, plays, basins and time.

Slides

  1. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 1
    The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation Stephan H. Nordeng
  2. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 2
    Bakken Pool Source Upper and Lower Bakken Informal System Formation Units Shales Lodgepole Reservoirs Mississippian Bakken Shales upper Clastic carbonate middle Bakken middle member of the Bakken Fm. lower Devonian Three…
  3. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 3
    Bakken Source System Source Reservoirs Upper and lower Middle member Bakken members of the Bakken Lower 50 Lodgepole High TOC average 11% Upper 50 Three Forks by weight Low permeability Oil prone kerogen 7 % porosity…
  4. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 4
    Where in the Three Forks is the oil
  5. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 5
    Distribution of Bakken and Three Forks Rocks in North Dakota Lower Middle Bakken Shale Bakken Upper Bakken Shale Three Forks Fm.
  6. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 6
    Formation water resistivity (0.04 ohm-m) corrected to formation temperature. (1/2)(Rw/Rt)1/2 = Sw
  7. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 7
    Calculate Oil In Place for One Well Total Oil In Place = Oil in Place Sum Porosity x Oil Saturation x Interval Thickness (ft) = Oil In Place (acre-feet)
  8. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 8
    Distribution of the wells used to total oil in place. Bakken Bakken and Three Forks Absent Three Forks
  9. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 9
    Upper 50 Feet of the Three Forks Formation Total Acre-feet oil in place Structure on the top of the Three Forks Fm.
  10. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 10
    Maturation-Compaction Model Maturation coverts lithostatic load bearing kerogen to oil. Results in source bed compaction. Expels pore fluids from source bed. Resistance to pore fluid expulsion by bounding beds results in fluid…
  11. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 11
    Formation Pressures in the Antelope Field. Modified from Meissner (1978)
  12. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 12
    Continuous Water Continuous Oil Water Expulsion Oil Expulsion Chemical Compaction Mechanical Compaction Oil Window Mechanical Compaction Kerogen Discontinuous Oil Discontinuous Water Modified from Meissner, 1978
  13. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 13
    Why is overpressure significant Surface BuoyancySurface Tension Water Tension Mineral Surface Buoyancy Tension Buoyancy Oil
  14. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 14
    Unit 5 Unit 3 Unit 2 Unit 6 Anhydrite Unit 4Anhydrite
  15. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 15
    Oil Generation : When Time Temperature Index and Burial History 43-28H Deadwood Canyon Ranch well (NESE Sec. 28, T154N, R92E) Pierre Onset of Oil Generation Mowry Inyan Kara Swift Spearfish Madison Bakken Three…
  16. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 16
    Hydrogen Index as a Function of Depth 900 800 700 600 Hydrogen Index 500 400 300 200 100 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 Depth to Bakken (ft.)
  17. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 17
    900 800 Oil Generation: Where 700 600 Hydrogen Index 500 400 300 200 100 0 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 Depth to Bakken (ft.)
  18. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 18
    Apparent Maximum Density Porosity Compaction of the 6000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 upper Bakken with depth 7000 8000 Depth (ft.) 9000 10000 11000 12000
  19. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 19
    Change in porosity with increasing maturation Based on density-neutron porosity logs. 9% decrease in porosity between immature and mature upper Bakken shale.
  20. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 20
  21. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 21
    Conclusions The Three Forks is a basin centered petroleum accumulation. Source rocks are currently in the oil window Porosity and pressure trends in the source system are consistent with maturation driven oil expulsion and…
  22. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 22
    Acknowlegments Julie LeFever Lynn Helms Ed Murphy Marron Bingle-Davis
  23. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 23
    Kinetic Model of Oil Generation Continuous Oil Discontinuous Oil 140oC 4oC
  24. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 24
    Three Forks Porosity from Logs 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 Map of North Dakota showing the 175 Frequency 1000 800 wells used to determine the frequency 600 distribution of porosity in the upper 50 400 feet of the Three Forks…
  25. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 25
    Bakken Source System Stratigraphy
  26. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 26
    Structural Trap Stratigraphic Trap
  27. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 27
    Extent of the Bakken and Three Forks Formations
  28. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 28
  29. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 29
    Overpressured Oil
  30. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 30
    Bakken Three Forks Combined County OOIP per County EUR per County OOIP per County EUR per County OOIP per County EUR per County Billings 3,141,271,156 115,858,434 1,717,909,400 154,611,846 4,859,180,556 270,470,280 Botineau --- ---…
  31. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 31
    Missouri River 2,000 Coal 0 -5,000 Bakken & Three Forks -10,000
  32. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 32
    Topics Basin Centered Petroleum Accumulations Bakken Source System Three Forks Assessment
  33. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 33
    Bakken Kerogen Quality Bakken shales are an excellent source rock Quantity of crackable kerogen Total amount of kerogen
  34. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 34
    Bakken Shale Contains Oil Prone Kerogen Bakken contains Type I and Type II kerogen. Type I and II kerogens tend to generate oil.
  35. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 35
    Three Forks Grain Density Well Name NDIC Average Grain S.D. Grain Number of Density Density Samples matrix (g/cm3) VAN HOOK 1-13H 16997 2.785 0.0168 37 ST-ANDES-151-89- 17043 2.801 0.0292 14 2413H-1 SUN MARATHON 12033 2.774 0.0175 16…
  36. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 36
    Pore Fluid Pressurization by Maturation of Kerogen Kerogen Oil Solid Fluid 1) Generated oil displaces pore water. 2) Oil generated at the expense of load bearing kerogen. 3) Water displacement and reduced porosity caused by…
  37. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 37
  38. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 38
    Summary statistics submitted as DMR exhibits Three Forks Pay Thickness Oil Saturation Formation Recovery Porosity (%) Formation (ft.) (% pore space) Volume Factor Factor (%) Average 30.5 64.8 6.93 1.45 8.9 Standard 19.78 11.4 2.33…
  39. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 39
    Methods Archie Equation for Estimating Water Saturation from Wire Line Logs. Sw = (a/m)(Rw/Rt)1/n a = tortuosity factor = 1 = porosity from logs m = cementation factor = 2 Rw = Resistivity of formation water (0.04 ohm-m 75oF) Rt…
  40. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 40
    Correcting Rw to Formation Temperature Bottom Hole Temperature (oF) Mean Surface Temp = 40oF Formation Temp (oF) = (BHT- MST) / TD * Formation Depth + MST Total Depth (ft.) Rw depth = R1 * ( T1 +7)/(Formation Temp (oF) +7)…
  41. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 41
    Calibrating Limestone Density Porosity Logs to Three Forks Density Porosity Logs = (ma-b)/( ma-fl) 40 ls = (2.71 b)/ (2.71-1.18) 35 30 ls(2.71-1.18)-2.71 = b 25 Frequency 20 TF = (2.79 b) / (2.79-1.18) 15 10 5 TF =…
  42. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 42
    Bottom Hole Temperature (oF) Mean Surface Temp = 40oF Formation Temp (oF) = (BHT- MST) / TD * Formation Depth + MST Sw Water Total Depth (ft.) Saturation or Rw depth = R * ( T +7)/(Formation Temp ( F) +7) o the fraction of 1…
  43. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 43
    Conventional vs. Bakken Type Conventional Bakken Type Maturation of Source Rock Maturation of Source Rock Expulsion Expulsion Migration Accumulation Driven by buoyancy (oil over water) Trap/Reservoir Short to long distances from…
  44. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 44
    Paleogeography of North America at the end of the Devonian North Dakota From Ron Blakley
  45. The Bakken Source System: Emphasis on the Three Forks Formation – North Dakota Geologic Survey – slide 45
    Bakken Source System Stratigraphy Open Marine Open Marine Oxygen Stratified Open Marine Deepening Upward Open Marine - Shoaling Upward Open Marine Oxygen Stratified Regional Unconformity Subtidal to Supratidal Normal Marine Saline…

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